Ungawufumana umkhuhlane kumkhuhlane?

Imfundo yezeMpilo

Njengoko iintsuku zasehlotyeni ezifudumeleyo ziqala ukuphela kwaye nomoya uqala ukujika ube mnandi, iintsomi ukujikeleza isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane kuqala ukusasazeka-kubonakala ngathi kuyosulela njengentsholongwane yomkhuhlane uqobo. Ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo esizivayo zinxulumene neenkxalabo zokufumana umkhuhlane kumkhuhlane kwaye izigulana zisixelela ukuba ziphilile kwaye azikaze zifumane umkhuhlane, utsho U-Inessa Gendlina , MD, Ph.D., unjingalwazi oncedisayo wezifo ezosulelayo kwiNkqubo yezeMpilo yaseMontefiore.

Ezinye iinkolelo zibandakanya ukungadingi ukugonywa minyaka le ukugcina ukugonywa, isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane asisebenzi kakuhle, kwaye umkhuhlane awunabungozi. Ngazo zonke ezi mbono ziphosakeleyo zijikeleza, ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha yabantu abadala eUnited States bayagonywa minyaka le, nangona kuqikelelwa ukuba ngama-337,157 aseMelika wasweleka ukusuka kumkhuhlane phakathi kuka-2010 no-2019.

Nangona kuqhelekile ukufumana ezinye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezivela kugonyo lomkhuhlane, iimpendulo ezinzulu zinqabile, kwaye ukufumana umkhuhlane kwisitofu sokugonya akunakwenzeka. Nantsi indlela yokwazi ukuba ulindele ntoni.

Iziphumo zomkhuhlane

Iziphumo zomkhuhlane weflu ngokubanzi ziwela ngokwamacandelo amabini: ukusabela kwesiza kunye nokuphendula kwenkqubo.

Ukuphendula kwesiza yimpendulo yendawo ekujikeleze indawo yenaliti enokuthi ibandakanye ukudumba, ukukhathazeka, ukungonwabi okanye iintlungu. Olu hlobo lokuphendula lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lokuchaphazeleka komkhuhlane.

Ukuphendula kwenkqubo bathande ukuba kutheni abantu becinga ukuba bayagula ngenxa yomkhuhlane, kwanaxa bengekho. Ukugonywa kulungiselela kwaye 'kufundise' amajoni omzimba ukuze akwazi ukulwa nentsholongwane yonyaka yomkhuhlane, kwaye iimpawu ezinobulali luphawu lokuba amajoni omzimba ayafunda kwaye ayasabela kugonyo, utshilo uGqirha Gendlina.

Abanye abantu bafumana iimpawu ezinje ngomkhuhlane ezinje ngeqondo eliphantsi lomkhuhlane, ukudinwa, iintlungu zemisipha, ukuxinana kwempumlo, impumlo ebusayo, ukukhwehlela komqala obuhlungu kunye nemvakalelo ngokubanzi. Ezi mpendulo ziqhelekile kwaye zilindelekile, ngokukaGqirha Gendlina. Ngelixa umkhuhlane udubule ngokwawo uyahluka unyaka nonyaka, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zihlala zifana, mhlawumbi neempawu ezizezinye ezinje ngomzimba oqaqamba ngakumbi kunyaka omnye ngokuchasene nomnye. Ngamaxesha athile, ukuphelelwa ngamandla kuyaxelwa kulandela ukubethwa ngumkhuhlane, kwinqanaba elihambelana nezinye izitofu zokugonya. (Kungenxa yoko le nto kungcono hlala phantsi ngelixa ufumana isitofu sokugonya kwaye ujongwe imizuzu eli-15 emva koko.)

Okokugqibela, kunokwenzeka ukuba abanye abantu bafumane iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zokugonya njengesiphumo se isiphumo secebo , eyenzeka xa isiganeko esibi senzeka ngenxa yolindelo olubi malunga nonyango okanye amayeza. Uphando lubonise ukuba ukuxelelwa ukuba unokufumana isiphumo esingalindelekanga kunokubangela ukuba ube nesiphumo, nokuba unikwe unyango lwe-placebo.

Ezinxulumene: Ngaba ukusela utywala emva kogonyo kulungile?

Ukuphendula komkhuhlane

Iingxaki ezinzima kulandela isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane zezi kunqabile kakhulu kwaye isitofu sokugonya sinerekhodi elungileyo yokhuseleko, ngokutsho kwamaZiko oLawulo noKhuseleko lweZifo (CDC), obeka iliso kukhuseleko lokugonya kunye ne-FDA. Ukulandela umkhondo kunye nokubeka iliso kuyo yonke imisitho enxulumene nokugonywa, i-CDC kunye ne-FDA zisebenzisa iNkqubo yokuNika ingxelo ngeMisitho yokuGonya IIVAERS ).

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele umahluko phakathi kweempawu ezibuthathaka ezinxulumene nokugonyelwa umkhuhlane (kuphawulwe ngasentla) kunye nokwenyani okwenzekayo, utshilo uGqirha Gendlina. Ngelixa kunqabile, ukungahambelani komzimba kwenzeka rhoqo kwakamsinya emva kolawulo lokugonya-ngaphakathi kwemizuzu ukuya kwiiyure.

Ukuphefumla kancinci kunye nokuvuvukala komqala zezona zinto zixhalabisayo xa kuziwa ekuphenduleni kugonyo lomkhuhlane. Eyona mpendulo imbi kakhulu nesongela ubomi, i-anaphylaxis, yenzeka ngaphantsi kwe-1% yogonyo, utshilo URandell Wexler, MD , Ugqirha wamayeza osapho kwiYunivesithi yaseOhio State University Wexner Medical Center.

Kuxhomekeka kubungozi besigulana kunye nohlobo lwesitofu sokugonya, abanye ababoneleli ngezempilo baya kucela abaguli ukuba bahlale e-ofisini kangangemizuzu eli-15 emva kolawulo ukuze baqiniseke ukuba abafumani mpendulo, ngelixa abanye ababoneleli befuna zonke izigulana ukuba zilinde imizuzu eyi-15. Kwabanye abantu, kuthatha ukubonakaliswa okuphindaphindiweyo ngaphambi kokuba baphendule. Abanye, impendulo inokuba mandundu ngokuthe chu xa bevezwa, utshilo uGqirha Wexler.

Ukongeza kumacandelo e-vaccine immunogen eyiyo, kukho ezinye izinto ezinokufumaneka kwimixube eyahlukeneyo yokuthintela, nokuba kungokusebenza ukuzinzisa kunye nokugcina isitofu sikhuselekile, okanye kushiyeka kwimveliso yokuthintela. Ezinye iindlela zokuthintela umkhuhlane zibandakanya izixa ezincinci zezinye izinto ezinjenge-thimerosal preservative, amanani amancinci eentsalela ze-antibiotics ukunceda ukuthintela ungcoliseko, i-latex yendalo okanye irabha njengenxalenye yokupakisha isitofu, iprotein yeqanda kwizinto zenkcubeko yeseli kwimveliso yokuthintela, okanye ukulandelela izixa i-formaldehyde evela kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, utshilo uGqirha Gendlina. Ngesi sizathu, abantu abagulayo kwizithako ezithile kufuneka baxoxe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthintela umkhuhlane noogqirha babo.

Iimpawu zempendulo ebukhali zibandakanya ukuphefumla nzima, urticaria, ubuthathaka, isiyezi, ukuvutha, kunye nokudumba ujikeleze amehlo okanye imilebe. Ukuba ezi zinto zenzeka kulandela isitofu sokugonya umkhuhlane, khangela unyango lonyango olungxamisekileyo. Ukuphendula kufuneka kuxelwe kwi-VARES ukuze i-CDC kunye ne-FDA iqhubeke nokulandela ukulandelwa kwezinto kunye nokuchonga nayiphi na imeko.

Ungawufumana umkhuhlane kumkhuhlane?

Ngelixa iimpawu ezinobulali ezinje ngomkhuhlane okwiqondo eliphantsi, intloko ebuhlungu, kunye neentlungu zemisipha zixhaphakile emva kogonyo, oku akufani ncam nokugula okanye ukufumana umkhuhlane. Isitofu sokugonya i-Flu asiqulathanga ntsholongwane esebenzayo yomkhuhlane, kwaye ukudubula komkhuhlane ngenaliti akuqulathanga ntsholongwane ephilayo, utshilo uGqirha Gendlina.

Endaweni yoko, okwenzekayo xa ufumana ezi mpawu umzimba unyusa impendulo yomzimba kumkhuhlane njengoko ifunda indlela yokulwa intsholongwane yokwenyani. Xa umntu efumana iimpawu eziphakathi emva kokudutyulwa ngumkhuhlane, oko kubonisa ukuba amajoni omzimba ayasabela kwisitofu sokugonya. Kanye njengokuba ayinakukunika umkhuhlane, ayikugulisi. Isitofu sokugonya siza kuvelisa impendulo yomzimba yokuzikhusela enokukwenza uzive uhla, kodwa ayisiwo umkhuhlane kwaye akukho ndawo ikufutshane nomkhuhlane, utshilo uGqirha Wexler.

Kukwabalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba usengawufumana umkhuhlane nokuba uyagonywa, kwaye le ayisiyiyo unobangela-kunye-nefuthe kubudlelwane. Izitofu zokugonya zisekwe kwingqikelelo yokuba zeziphi iintlobo zentsholongwane yomkhuhlane ekulindeleke ukuba zijikeleze kulo nyaka, kwaye ukuba olo qikelelo aluchanekanga ngokupheleleyo, iyeza lokuthintela isifo lingakhusela kancinci kunokuba bekulindelwe, utsho Gendlina.Ukuba ugonyiwe, amajoni omzimba asazokunceda ukulwa usulelo ukuba ufumene umkhuhlane, okunokubangela ikhondo lokuthomalalisa ukugula komkhuhlane kunokuba wawungagonywanga.

Ngubani omele eqe umkhuhlane?

Ngelixa isitofu sokugonya umkhuhlane sicetyiswa ngokubanzi kuye nakubani na oneminyaka eyi-6 iinyanga okanye nangaphezulu, bambalwa abantu ekufuneka beqwalaselwe ngokukodwa, utsho UGqirha Wexler.Kukwakho nabantu abathile abanokuthi balulungele ngakumbi olunye uhlobo lokugonya ngaphezulu kolunye, ke kubalulekile ukuba ufune iingcebiso zonyango malunga nolona khetho lufanelekileyo kuwe. Ezona zinto ziqwalaselweyo zezi:

• Ubudala: Abantwana abangaphantsi kweenyanga ezi-6 ubudala akufuneki bafumane iyeza lokugonya umkhuhlane. (Xa umama egonywa ngexa lokukhulelwa, iyanceda ukukhusela usana kwiinyanga zokuqala ezimbalwa. Ubisi lwebele lukanokunceda ekukhuseleni umntwana kumkhuhlane kuba unezilwa nezifo.) i iyeza lokuzalisa kwakhona lomkhuhlane , kwaye i Izitofu zokugonya ezingasebenziyo kunye nedosi ephezulu zivunywa kuphela kubantu abadala abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 okanye ngaphezulu.
• Iqanda elibi kakhulu: Uninzi lwezitofu zomkhuhlane zenziwa kwinkcubeko esekwe kwiqanda kwaye inokuba neprotein yeqanda eliseleyo, utshilo uGqirha Gendlina. Abo banako ukutya amaqanda okanye amaqanda aphekiweyo ngokulula kwizinto ezibhakiweyo akunakulindeleka ukuba baphendule kumkhuhlane. Abantu abaneempendulo ezinzima ze-anaphylactic kumaqanda kufuneka bafumane iyeza lokugonya umkhuhlane kwindawo ebeka esweni unyango okanye bathethe nogqirha wabo ngokubhekisele kuqulunqo olungenaqanda lweyeza lokuthintela Flublok .
• Olunye ulwala: Abo banobungozi obusongela ubomi nasiphi na isithako sokugonya njenge-gelatin, i-antibiotics, okanye ezinye izithako kufuneka baphephe umkhuhlane.
• Iimpawu zomkhuhlane: Izigulana ezineempawu zomkhuhlane okanye eziva ngathi ziyagula kufuneka zixoxe ngeempawu kunye nomboneleli wazo wezempilo.
• Isifo sikaGuillain-Barré: Abo babekhe banayo ngaphambili Isifo seGuillain-Barré (I-GBS) kufuneka ixoxe malunga nokuba ayifanele na ukufumana umkhuhlane kunye nogqirha wabo.
• Impendulo zangaphambili: Abantu ababenempembelelo ebukhali kumkhuhlane owadubulwayo kwixa elidlulileyo kuya kufuneka baphephe iyeza lokugonya lomkhuhlane.

Iyeza lokuthintela lokutshiza ngeempumlo liphethe Izithintelo ezahlukileyo ukuba ngubani ongafanelekanga ukufumana olu hlobo logonyo. Ukuba ufumana enye yeemeko zempilo ezingezantsi okanye uwele nakwezinye zezi ndidi, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nokufumana enye indlela yokugonya:

• Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-2
• Abantu abadala abadala kunama-50
• Abantwana abancinci abane-asthma okanye imbali yokuvutha
• Abantwana abaneminyaka emibini ukuya kwiminyaka eli-17 abathatha amayeza aqukethe iiasprini okanye iialicylates
• Abafazi abakhulelweyo
• Abantu abangenakuncitshiswa emzimbeni okanye bahlala okanye banakekele umntu ongenakunyanzeliswa

Umgca wezantsi

Umkhuhlane sisifo esibi esinokubangela usulelo lwesono, inyumoniya, ukulaliswa esibhedlele, okanye nokufa, kodwa isitofu sokugonya sinokunciphisa umngcipheko wokugula de kufike 60% . Kananjalo, i-CDC icebisa uninzi lwabantu abadala kuneenyanga ze-6-kubandakanya nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo-ukuba babethwe ngumkhuhlane. Kuthatha malunga neeveki ezimbini ukuba umzimba wakhe umzimba wakho ungangeni kumkhuhlane wexesha elithile, ke cinga ngokuthatha umpu wakho kwakamsinya kunangoku, njengoko umzimba usesichengeni sokugula ngelixa usakha ukhuseleko.

Ukongeza, ngelixa umkhuhlane udubula ungakhuseli kwi-COVID-19, ubukho bhubhane benza ukuba isitofu somkhuhlane sibaluleke ngakumbi ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa. Ukuthintela umkhuhlane kunokubangela ukuba abaguli bangakwazi ukulwa ityala le-COVID-19, kwaye ukunikezela ngesivumelwano ngaxeshanye kunokuba yingozi. Ngapha koko, izibhedlele esele zijongana neemeko zecoronavirus zinokuphazanyiswa lixesha lomkhuhlane omnene.

Ukuba unemibuzo malunga nomkhuhlane, thetha nomboneleli wakho wezempilo okanye usokhemesti.