Iinkcukacha-manani zokugonya kunye nogonyo 2021
IindabaYintoni ugonyo? | Iinkcukacha-manani zokugonya kwihlabathi liphela | Iinkcukacha-manani zokugonywa komntwana | Iinkcukacha-manani zokugonya ngesifo | Iziphumo zokugonywa | Iinkcukacha-manani zokuthintela ugonyo | Iinkcukacha-manani zokugonywa komhlambi | Iindleko zokugonya | FAQ | Uphando
Izitofu zokugonya zingakunceda ukuba ungaguli kuba zithintela izifo ezinobuzaza, ezisongela ubomi. Nangona kunjalo, ugonyo sele lunempikiswano kutsha nje malunga neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kunye nomngcipheko wezitofu zokugonya. Makhe sijonge kwizibalo ezithile zokugonya kunye nezibakala ukuze siziqonde ngcono ukuba ziyintoni kwaye kutheni zibalulekile.
Yintoni ugonyo?
Isitofu sokugonya lulungiselelo lwendalo olukhuthaza amajoni omzimba ukuba avelise izilwa-buhlungu, ezinceda ekubulaleni izifo. Isitofu sokugonya sisoloko sinenxalenye yesi sifo sizama ukusithintela. Isenokuba buthathaka okanye yabulala iintlobo zegciwane, enye yeetyhefu zayo, okanye enye yeeprotein zomhlaba. Ukubeka indawo engasebenziyo yesi sifo emzimbeni kufundisa amajoni omzimba ukuba asiqonde kwaye asibulale xa sele sikhulile.
Iindidi zokugonya
Zine iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokugonya:
- Amayeza okugonya ziqulathe uhlobo olubuthathaka lwesifo esibangela intsholongwane. Banikezela ngempendulo ehlala ixesha elide kumajoni omzimba kodwa ayisiyiyo eyona nto ikhethekileyo kubantu abanamajoni omzimba abuthathaka.
- Ayisebenzi isitofu ziqulathe intsholongwane ebuleweyo ebangela isifo abazama ukusithintela. Aziboneleli ngokhuseleko lomzimba olomeleleyo njengezitofu zokuthintela ukungcola, ngenxa yoko amathamo aliqela anokufuneka ekuhambeni kwexesha.
- I-Toxoid isitofu ziqulathe iityhefu ezenziwe yintsholongwane okanye ibhaktiriya ebangela isifo. Benza ukungakhuseleki kwiindawo ezithile zentsholongwane okanye ibhaktiriya ebangela isifo, hayi isifo uqobo.
- Ukudibanisa isitofu inezinto ezithile kuphela zentsholongwane ebangela isifo, njengeprotein okanye iswekile. Izitofu zokugonya ezikhuselweyo zikhuselekile nakubantu abanamajoni omzimba abuthathaka.
Ukugonywa kuthelekiswa nogonyo
Ugonyo ngamanye amaxesha luyabhideka nogonyo. Ugonyo yinto eyenzekayo emzimbeni emva kokwenza isitofu sokugonya. Yinkqubo yomzimba yokuba omzimba nakweyiphi na isifo ebesikukugonywa. Umzekelo, isitofu sokugonya se-rotavirus siza kunika umntu ukhuseleko kusulelo lwe-rotavirus.
Iinkcukacha manani zokugonya
- Ukugonywa komkhuhlane kunciphisa umngcipheko wokugula komkhuhlane ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40% -60%. (Amaziko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo [CDC], 2020)
- Ugonyo ngoku luthintela ukusweleka kwezigidi ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 minyaka le kwihlabathi jikelele kwizifo ezinokuthintelwa zizitofu. (WHO, 2019)
- Amayeza okugonya imasisi athintele ukusweleka okuqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-21.1 kwihlabathi liphela phakathi kuka-2000 no-2017 kwaye kuthintele ukugqabhuka kwemasisi. (I-UNICEF, 2019)
- I-86% yabanonyaka -1 ubudala kwihlabathi jikelele banogonyo lokuthintela imasisi. (IStista, 2019)
- Phantse i-86% yabantwana kwihlabathi liphela bafumana ukhuseleko lokugonya kwi-tetanus, pertussis, kunye ne-diphtheria (DTP) minyaka le. (Isibhedlele sabantwana ePhiladelphia, 2020)
Iinkcukacha-manani zokugonywa komntwana
- Iipesenti ezingama-91 zabantwana abaneminyaka engama-19 ukuya kwezi-35 ubudala bafumana isitofu sokugonya seMMR e-U.S.
- Ngaphezulu kwe-90% yabantwana abaneminyaka eyi-19-35 yeenyanga abafumene ubuncinci iidosi ezintathu zokugonya ipoliyo.
- I-70% yabantwana abaneminyaka eyi-19-35 iinyanga bafumana uthotho olupheleleyo lokuthintela (iseti yazo zonke izitofu ezicetyiswayo kweli qela leminyaka) eU.S.
- I-95% yabantwana abancinci ifumene ulawulo olufunwa ngurhulumente lwe-diphtheria, i-tetanus, kunye ne-acellular pertussis vaccines kunyaka wesikolo ka-2018.
(CDC, 2017-2019)
Qho ngonyaka iCDC ihlaziya isincomo sayo ishedyuli yokugonya abantwana kunye nolutsha , Ukuqinisekisa ukubandakanya izitofu zokugonya ezintsha xa bephuma. Ishedyuli yokugonya ichaza ukuba zeziphi izitofu zokugonya abantwana ekufuneka bezifumene ngokusekwe kwiqela labo leminyaka, zisenza ukuba kube lula kubazali ukucwangcisa ixesha lokugonya abantwana babo. Kukho isincomo ishedyuli yokugonya yabantu abadala .
Ezinxulumene: Amachiza okuthathela ingqalelo xa ugqiba i-50
Iinkcukacha-manani zokugonya ngesifo
- Umkhuhlane: I-62% yabantwana kunye ne-45% yabantu abadala bafumene isitofu sokugonya ngexesha lomkhuhlane we-2018-2019. (CDC, 2019)
- IPneumococcal: Iipesenti ezingama-69 zabantu abadala abadala kunama-65 baxela ukuba baye bafumana ugonyo lwe-pneumococcal ngo-2018. (Statista, 2018)
- I-papillomavirus yabantu (HPV): Phantse i-49% yabakwishumi elivisayo abaneminyaka eyi-13-17 bafumana Ukugonywa kwe-HPV uthotho ngo-2017 ukunceda ukubakhusela kumhlaza onxulumene nosulelo lwentsholongwane. (CDC, 2018)
- Iqhwiqhwi: Iipesenti ezingama-91 zabantwana abaneminyaka eli-19 ukuya kuma-35 ukuya kwezili-3 bafumene iyeza lokugonya le-chickenpox (varicella) kweli qela leminyaka ngo-2018. (CDC, 2018)
- Ipoliyo: Iipesenti ezingama-92 zabantwana abaneminyaka engama-19 ukuya kwezi-35 ubudala bafumene uthotho lokugonyelwa ipoliyo (echazwe njengobuncinci besithathu sokugonywa kwe-4 iyonke) ngo-2018. (CDC, 2018)
Ukuba ucinga ngokuhamba ngaphandle kwe-U.S., Unokufuna ukubona ingcali yezempilo ukuze ugonywe. Ezona zine kucetyiswa ukugonywa kohambo yi yellow fever, yimasisi, IHepatitis A , kunye nezitofu zokugonya zetyphoid.
Ezinxulumene: Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nokugonya kwe-meningitis B
Iziphumo zokugonywa
Ukugonywa kunokuphucula impilo yomntu ngokubanzi kunye nomgangatho wobomi ngokuthintela izifo. Izitofu zisebenza kakuhle, kodwa azifezekanga kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zinokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezixhaphakileyo zokugonya zibandakanya ukudakumba kwindawo yenaliti kunye nefiva ephantsi.
- Ukulandela umkhondo we-allergener kunokubakho kwizitofu zokugonya, kodwa ukubambeka komzimba kwizigonyo kunqabile, ubuncinci njengesinye kwisigidi sedosi esilawulwa yi-DTaP kwaye singaphantsi kwesigidi esinye seedosi ezilawulwa yi-MMR. ( Ugqirha waseMelika waseMelika , 2017)
- Kwizitofu zokugonya i-varicella (chickenpox) kunye ne-zoster (shingles), ukusabela kwendawo yenaliti yendawo kwenzeka kwi-19% yabantwana abagonywayo kunye ne-24% yabantwana abafikayo abafikayo kunye nabantu abadala. ( Ugqirha waseMelika waseMelika , 2017)
- 1 kwabangama-30 abantwana abafumana ukudumba kwethanga eliphezulu okanye ingalo emva kwethamo lesine okanye lesihlanu logonyo lwe-DTaP. ( Ugqirha waseMelika waseMelika , 2017)
- Umngcipheko we-intussusception (ukuphazamiseka kwamathumbu) yi-1 kwi-100,000 yeedosi ezilawulwa ngeyeza lokugonya i-rotavirus. ( Ugqirha waseMelika waseMelika , 2017)
Amayeza amaninzi okugonya anokubangela ukusabela okwethutyana kwendawo njengokubomvu, iintlungu, irhashalala, umkhuhlane kunye nokudumba, utsho ULeah Durant , igqwetha lokugonya kunye nenqununu yee-Ofisi zoMthetho zikaLeah V. Durant, PLLC. Iziphumo zokugonya zinokuba nzima kakhulu kwaye zinokubangela i-anaphylaxis, ubuthathaka, ukurhawuzelela, ukuba ndindisholo, iintlungu zemithambo-luvo, ukuxhuzula, ukonakala kwengqondo, ukulahleka kwendlebe, ukuphelelwa ngamandla, iintlungu ezibuhlungu kwindawo yenaliti, ilahleko kuluhlu lokuhamba ngengalo, nkqu nokufa . Nabani na ofumana impendulo ebukhali ngaphaya kwempendulo yendawo kufuneka afune unyango kwangoko. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuxilongwa kwangoko kunye nonyango kunokunceda ukunciphisa ubungakanani bokwenzakala kokugonya.
Ukujongana nokugonya okugabadeleyo kunye nokuhlala ixesha elide kunqabile, utshilo uDurant. Kuqikelelwa ukuba phantse umntu omnye ukuya kwababini kwisigidi esinye bahlupheka kakubi kwaye banyamezele ngenxa yezitofu zokugonya. Olunye lweempendulo zokugonya eziqhelekileyo yimeko ebizwa ngokuba kukulimala kwamagxa okunxulumene nolawulo lokugonya (okanye i-SIRVA). Oku kwenzakala kunokubonakalisa iimeko ezinje nge-tendinitis, bursitis, igxalaba elinqabileyo, okanye iinyembezi zekhephu, kwaye kunokufuna utyando olubuhlungu, unyango lomzimba, okanye olunye unyango ukulungisa.
Iinkcukacha-manani zokuthintela ugonyo
Ngo-1998, ugqirha wase-Bhritane wapapasha ulwazi olungeyonyani oludibanisa isitofu sokuthintela iMMR (imasisi, uqwilikana, kunye nerubella) kunye noxilongo lwasemva kwesifo. Nangona iziphumo sele zimiselwe ubuqhetseba kwaye upapasho lwarhoxiswa, lwatshintsha uluvo loluntu lokugonya kwaye lwakhokelela ekubeni abaninzi bakholelwe ukuba izitofu zibangela i-autism. Amanqanaba okugonya ehlile, kwaye uninzi lusakholelwa ukuba izitofu zinxulunyaniswa ne-autism okanye iingxaki zempilo.
- Olunye uphando lwafumanisa ukuba phantse isiqingatha (iipesenti ezingama-45) zabantu baseMelika bayaluthandabuza ukhuseleko lwesitofu sokugonya. (Umbutho waseMelika Osteopathic, 2019)
- Eyona mithombo ixhaphakileyo yokuthandabuza kukhuseleko lokugonya kuthiwa ngamanqaku akwi-Intanethi, ukungathembi ishishini lamayeza, kunye nolwazi oluvela kwiingcali zonyango. (Umbutho waseMelika Osteopathic, 2019)
- Amazwe angama-27 kwangama-50 axele ukwehla kwezinkulisa ezigonyiweyo phakathi kuka-2009 no-2018. (Amaziko Okuvavanya Impilo)
- Kuphela yi-57.3% yamantombazana kunye ne-34.6% yamakhwenkwe afumene isitofu sokugonya se-HPV ngo-2013, esasinikwe ngokuyinxenye kukuxhalaba kwabazali ukuba ukugonywa kukhuthaza isondo esingakhuselekanga besebancinci. (ICDC, ngo-2014)
- Ukusukela nge-Matshi 2020, i-35% yabaphenduli bophando bathi bayenzile hayi Ndifuna ukufumana isitofu sokugonya se-coronavirus ukuba sikhona naxa sikhona. (Umntu ongatshatanga, 2020)
Ngo-2019, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) wadwelisa ukuthandabuza isitofu njengesinye sezisongelo ezikhulu kwimpilo yoluntu kunye noluntu. Imibutho emininzi isebenza ukulungisa iingxaki zokugonya kunye nokufundisa abantu ngokubaluleka kwabo.
Ezinxulumene: Amachiza okhuseleko e-Coronavirus aqala e-U.S.
Iinkcukacha-manani zokugonywa komhlambi
Ukuzikhusela komhlambi kuye kwaba ligama eliyintloko phakathi kobhubhane wecoronavirus. Xa ipesenteji ephezulu yabemi ikhuselekile kwisifo esosulelayo, nokuba sisuka kusulelo olusebenzayo okanye kugonyo, uluntu (okanye umhlambi) lukhuseleke ngcono. Usulelo olusebenzayo lwezi zifo zinokuthintelwa ngokugonyo ngokubanzi zinxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezibi kakhulu kunogonyo ngokwalo, kungoko ke ugonyo lokufumana ukhuseleko lomhlambi lukhethwa.
Xa abantu bengagonywanga kwaye amazinga okugonywa ehla, oko kwandisa umngcipheko wokuqhambuka. Ngo-2019, i-CDC yaxela iimeko zemasisi ezingama-704 eNew York, elona nani liphezulu lamatyala ukusukela ngo-1994, ngenxa yeepokotho zoluntu ezibambelele kugonyo oluphantsi kunye nokuchaphazeleka ngandlela ithile kwisifo esosulelayo.
Isifo ngasinye esosulelayo sifuna ukhuseleko lwabemi oluchazwe apha ngezantsi, ngokukhethekileyo ngokugonywa xa kukho, ukwenza ukhuseleko lomhlambi:
- Imasisi: 92% -95%
- I-Pertussis (ukukhwehlela): 92% -94%
- IDiphtheria: 83% -86%
- Irubella: 83% -86%
- Ingqakaqha: 80% -86%
- Ipoliyo: 80% -86%
- Ukuhlaselwa: 75% -86%
- I-SARS *: 50% -80%
- Isifo se-Ebola: 33% -60%
- Umkhuhlane (umkhuhlane): 33% -44%
(Ilizwe lethu kwiDatha, ngo-2019)
* I-SARS kunye ne-COVID-19 zibangelwa zii-coronaviruses ezahlukeneyo. Funda nzulu apha .
Iindleko zokugonya
- I-US ichitha phantse i-27 yezigidigidi ekunyangeni izifo ezinokuthintelwa ngokugonywa. (AJMC, 2019)
- Ukugonywa kwabantwana kuya konga malunga ne- $ 295 yezigidigidi kwiindleko, kubandakanya ukulaliswa esibhedlele kunye nokhathalelo lonyango, ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20. (ICDC, ngo-2014)
- Gcwalisa iindleko zokugonya abantwana malunga ne- $ 18 ngomntwana ngamnye kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi. (I-UNICEF, 2019)
- Ngayo yonke i-1 yedola etyalwe kubantwana abangagonyelwanga kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye nephakathi, kukho ukubuyela okuqikelelweyo kotyalo-mali malunga ne- $ 44. (I-UNICEF, 2019)
Ezinxulumene: Zeziphi izitofu endinokufumana kuzo izaphulelo?
Imibuzo yokugonywa kunye neempendulo
Yeyiphi ipesenti yabantu abafumana umkhuhlane ngaphandle kogonyo?
Ngokutsho kweCDC, umkhuhlane ubangela ukugula phakathi kwe-9 kunye ne-42 yezigidi zokugula minyaka le e-United States. Ukugonywa komkhuhlane kunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana umkhuhlane nge-40% ukuya kwi-60%.
Ukugonywa kukhusela njani kwisifo esosulelayo?
Ugonyo lukhusela kwizifo ezasulelayo ngokunceda amajoni omzimba aqonde kwaye alwe neentsholongwane kunye neebhaktiriya ezibangela isifo ngokwaso. Ugonyo lukwanceda ukuthintela ukuqhambuka kwesifo esosulelayo kuzwelonke nakwihlabathi.
Bangaphi abantu abafayo ngenxa yokugonywa?
Kunzima ukwazi ngokuchanekileyo ukuba bangaphi abantu abasweleke ngokuthe ngqo ngenxa yokugonywa. Zininzi izifundo Xela amazinga okusweleka kwezitofu ezifana nengqakaqha ukuba zibe kukufa kusisigidi esinye esigonyiwe. Ukususela ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2015, 104 ukubhubha kwaxelwa kwaye ngandlel 'ithile kwabangelwa kukugonya kwemasisi. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokunika ingxelo ayinakho ukuseka ubudlelwane obuqinisekisiweyo phakathi kogonyo kunye nokusweleka okulandelayo.
Ngaba bukhona ubungqina obubonisa ukuba izitofu ziyalunciphisa usulelo?
Kukho ubungqina obuninzi beenkcukacha manani obubonisa ukuba izitofu zinciphisa usulelo njani. Inkqubo ye- I-WHO , i-CDC , kunye I-UNICEF Qhubeka upapasha ulwazi malunga nokusebenza kwezitofu zokugonya.
Lithini inqanaba lokusweleka kwabantu abangagonywanga?
Ngaphezulu kwesigidi se-1.5 sabantu abaswelekileyo minyaka le kwihlabathi liphela ngenxa yokungagonywa.
Ngaba ugonyo lukhuselekile ebantwaneni?
Izitofu zikhuselekile ebantwaneni kwaye zinokubenza bangafumani izifo ezifana nokukhohlela.
Ngaba ukugonywa kubangela i-autism ebantwaneni?
Ikhonkco phakathi kwe-autism kunye nezitofu lifundiwe ixesha elide kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba alikho, utshilo uLeann Poston, MD, umncedisi we-dean kwiYunivesithi yaseWight State Boonshoft School of Medicine kunye negalelo Impilo yeIcon . Ubudala bokuqala bokukhula kwentetho kunye neencopho zokugonya kwishedyuli yokugonya zombini zenzeka kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-15. Unobangela we-autism ubonakala ngathi unemisebenzi emininzi, okuthetha ukuba kukho zombini izinto zemfuza nezokusingqongileyo ezinokuchaphazela umngcipheko. Ngesi sizathu, abantu bebefuna unxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto ezibangela okusingqongileyo kunye ne-autism.
Uphando lokugonya
- Izibalo zogonyo , I-CDC
- Kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba siyeke izitofu? , I-CDC
- Ukugubungela ugonyo ngezitofu zokugonya ezikhethiweyo kunye namazinga okuxolelwa phakathi kwabantwana abakwinkulisa , I-CDC
- Ukugubungela intsholongwane yomkhuhlane , I-CDC
- Ugonyo lwehlabathi , Isibhedlele saBantwana ePhiladelphia
- Ugonyo eUnited States , Ikhemesti kunye nonyango
- Ugonyo , INgxowa-mali yaBantwana yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNICEF)
- Ukukhululwa kugonyo ngenxa yesazela , Unyango lwePLOS
- Ugonyo eU.S. , Statista
- Ipesenti yabantu abadala ababekhe bafumana ugonyo lwe-pneumococcal , Statista
- Ukukhuselwa kwegciwane lesifo sepillomavirus kulutsha , I-CDC
- Ukuqonda ukugubungela i-HPV , I-CDC
- Impilo yomhambi , I-CDC
- Ukuvavanya iindleko zezifo ezinokuthintelwa ngesitofu sokugonya , Ijenali yaseMelika yoNonophelo
- Ukusweleka emva kogonyo: Ubungqina bubonisa ntoni? , Ugonyo
- Iindlela zokugonya , Amaziko Okuvavanya Impilo
- Ama-45% abantu baseMelika bayathandabuza ukhuseleko lokugonya Umbutho waseMelika Osteopathic
- Ugonyo , Ilizwe lethu kwiDatha
- Gonya iziganeko ezigwenxa , Ugqirha Wentsapho waseMelika
- Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zokugonya , I-CDC
- Uphando lweCoronavirus Ukhathalelo