Ikamva lolawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda: Ngubani omele ukulawula izinto zokucwangcisa?

Iindaba

Ngo-1960, ipilisi yolawulo lokuzalwa yavunywa yi-Food and Drug Administration (i-FDA) yokusetyenziswa kokuthintela ukukhulelwa kwabafazi. Ngoku, kwiminyaka engama-60 kamva, abasetyhini ikakhulu basaxanduva lokuthintela ukukhulelwa besebenzisa iindlela ezinje ngepilisi, ii-IUDs, kunye nemisesane yelungu lobufazi.

Kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lokuzalwa, zimbalwa kuphela ezinokusetyenziswa ngamadoda: iikhondom, ukurhoxa (ekubizwa ngokuba yindlela yokukhupha), i-vasectomies, i-outercourse, kunye nokuziyeka. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ze ulawulo lokuzalwa kwendoda kwinqanaba lokuvavanywa kweklinikhi. Zintathu iindlela zolawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda kuphuhliso:

1. Ipilisi yemihla ngemihla yamadoda yokuthintela ukukhulelwa (ebizwa ngokuba yi-dimethandrolone undecanoate okanye i-DMAU) eyehlisa amanqanaba e testosterone (ihomoni eyindoda)
2. Ijeli yezihloko ecinezela ukuveliswa kwesidoda
3. UKUYA wadubula kanye efaka ijeli kwii-vas deferens (umgudu ohambisa isidoda kwi-urethra) ukuvimba isidoda ekuhambeni ngaphandle kwamatyhalarha

Ukongeza ezi ndlela zintathu kunokuzonyusa kakhulu iindlela zamadoda kuthintelo lokukhulelwa okungafunekiyo.

Sasinomdla wokubona ukuba zintathu iindlela zolawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda ezinokuthi zitshintshe amandla phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini abelana ngesondo kunye nendlela ababelana ngayo ngoxanduva lokuzala. Ukufumanisa ukuba, sivavanye ama-998 abelana ngesondo, abantu abathe ngqo abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 ukuya kuma-37. Nantsi into esiyifundileyo…

Ngubani omele ukulawula ulawulo lokuzalwa?

Xa kufikwa ekwabelaneni ngoxanduva lolawulo lokuzalwa, phantse ama-3 kwaba-4 abasetyhini kwaye malunga nama-72% yamadoda akholelwa ukuba omabini amaqabane ezesondo ayenoxanduva ngokulinganayo ekusebenziseni ulawulo lokuzalwa.

Kwakukho ipesenti enkulu yamadoda kunabafazi ababekholelwa ukuba umfazi kufuneka abe noxanduva lolawulo lokuzalwa, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba le ndima ithathiwe ngabafazi kangangeminyaka eliqela.

Umda omtsha wokuthintela ukukhulelwa

Ngepesenti enkulu yamadoda aphendulayo ngenxa yokulingana kuxanduva lolawulo lokuzalwa, sivavanye abathathi-nxaxheba malunga nokuba zeziphi iindlela zokuthintela inzala abangathanda ukuzisebenzisa.

Ngaphezulu kwama-50% abasetyhini abaya kuvuleleka ekubeni babe neqabane eliyindoda elisebenzisa ipilisi yolawulo lokuzalwa yemihla ngemihla. Abafazi abangatshatanga babethambekele ikakhulu ekubeni neqabane elalisebenzisa ipilisi yemihla ngemihla yehomoni (63%). Ngokubanzi, uninzi lwabasetyhini luvuleleke kwipilisi yolawulo lokuzalwa kwendoda kunamadoda.

Ngelixa i-40% yamadoda ithe bazokusebenzisa ipilisi yolawulo lokuzalwa yemihla ngemihla, ipesenti efanayo yabathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda ayizukuvuleka nakweziphi na iindlela ezintathu ezinokubakho.

Ndivakalelwa kukuba ezinye iindlela zamadoda zingatshintsha amandla, zinike amadoda ulawulo oluthe kratya kwaye mhlawumbi noxanduva olongezelelekileyo lokuthintela ukukhulelwa, utshilo othathe inxaxheba oneminyaka engama-27 waseNew York.

Ulawulo lokuzalwa lwenaliti oluphantse lwaphantse lwaphantse lwathandwa njengabasetyhini kubudlelwane kunamadoda kubudlelwane. Kuba inaliti yayiza kwenziwa kwindawo ebuthathaka, iyaqondakala into yokuba olu khetho alunakuba lukhetho lokuqala lwamadoda kulawulo lokuzalwa. Kwelinye icala, inaliti yexesha elinye inokuba nesibheno esikhulu kwabasetyhini abakhetha ukuzilawula ngokufuna ukhathalelo rhoqo, njengepilisi yemihla ngemihla okanye iringi yangaphantsi yelungu lobufazi.

Izindlela zokulawula ukuzalwa kwabasetyhini ezicetyiswayo

Sikwafuna ukwazi ukuba ngaba abantu basetyhini banokukhetha ukhetho lolawulo lokuzalwa kumaqabane abo ngokusekwe kwiindlela abazisebenzisayo ngoku. Xa kufikwa kubafazi abasebenzisa ipilisi kunye nokudubula, kunokwenzeka ukuba bakhethe iindlela ezifanayo zeqabane elinokubakho.

Ngaphezulu kwe-60% yabasetyhini ababesepilisi ngoku bakhetha ipilisi yamadoda kwezinye iindlela zolawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda. Kwangokunjalo, phantse ama-66% abasetyhini abafumene umpu baphendule ukuba bakhetha iqabane eliyindoda ukusebenzisa uthintelo lolawulo lokuzalwa.

Ipesenti enkulu yabasetyhini abasebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokungenelela zolawulo lokuzalwa ezinje nge i-IUD , iringi yelungu lobufazi, okanye ukufakelwa kolawulo lokuzalwa nako kunokwenzeka ukuba bakhethe ukungadibanisi nehomoni. Kungenxa yokuba inaliti yexesha elinye inokuba nezinto ezifanayo kunye nokusebenza ixesha elide kwi-IUD, iringi, kunye nokufaka.

Ukutshintsha iindlela ezikhoyo zolawulo lokuzalwa

Ngokhetho oluninzi lokulawula inzala olukhoyo, sivavanye abantu basetyhini ukubona ukuba ingayichaphazela njani indlela yabo yolawulo lokuzalwa.

Phantse iipesenti ezingama-61 zabafazi baya kuqhubeka nokusebenzisa indlela yabo yangoku yolawulo lokuzalwa ukuba baneqabane elisebenzisa nayiphi na kwezi ndlela zintathu zokulawula ukuzalwa kwamadoda. Abasetyhini banokuthatha isigqibo sokuhlala benyanisekile kwiindlela zabo zolawulo lokuzalwa ukuba banamaqabane amaninzi ezesondo kwaye ezinye zazo zisebenzisa ulawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda. Ukuqwalasela i-30% yabasetyhini bathi bakhetha ukusebenzisa iindlela ezimbini zokulawula ukuzalwa ngexesha, akumangalisi ukuba baqhubeke nokusebenzisa indlela yabo yokulawula ukuzalwa kwanokuba iqabane lisebenzise ukulawula ukuzalwa kwamadoda.

Abasetyhini ababenee-IUDs babengenakufane baxhomekeke kumaqabane abo besebenzisa ulawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda. Phantse ama-3 kwabasetyhini aba-4 okwangoku abane-IUD baya kuqhubeka nokusebenzisa olu hlobo lolawulo lokuzalwa. Isenokubangelwa kukuba ii-IUDs zikhona 99% esebenzayo kwaye ihlala naphi na ukusuka kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kweli-12. Kwelinye icala, ngaphezulu kwama-52% abasetyhini abasebenzisa ikakhulu iikhondom zabasetyhini banokukhetha ukutshintshela kuhlobo olutsha lolawulo lokuzalwa. Bazi I-79% iyasebenza , ezibenza bangathembeki kunepilisi yolawulo lokuzalwa okanye ii-IUDs, kwaye oku kunokuba sesinye sezizathu zokuba abasebenzisi bekhondom basetyhini bavuleke ngakumbi ekwenzeni utshintsho.

Umngcipheko wolawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda

Iindlela ezikhoyo ngoku zolawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda zibambekile kwinqanaba lovavanyo lokhuseleko iminyaka, kwaye ezinye izifundo ziye zancitshiswa ngenxa yeziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibi.

Kwi ityala Oko kubandakanya amadoda angama-320 aphilileyo kulawulo lokuzalwa lwehomoni, abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-20 bayeka ukufunda. Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimbi ezithe zenzeka ngexesha lokulingwa zibandakanya imeko yoxinzelelo, ukubetha kwentliziyo okungaqhelekanga, kunye Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile . Phantse i-1,500 yeziganeko ebezingalindelekanga ezichaziweyo ngexesha lokufunda, kubandakanya neziphumo ezincinci ezinjengentlungu yendawo yenaliti, amabala, kunye nokunyuka kwesondo.

Iindlela zokulawula ukuzalwa kwabafazi okwangoku kwimarike sele zaziwa ukuba zineziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezininzi. Ipilisi yemihla ngemihla yokuthintela ukukhawula inokubangela isicaphucaphu, iintloko, ukutyeba kwakho , utshintsho kwamehlo, nokunye okuninzi.

Ukuqaqanjiswa kweziphumo ezibi zeendlela ezithile zokuthintela ukuzalwa kwabasetyhini kunokubangela ukuba amadoda nabafazi balumke malunga neendlela ezintsha zokulawula ukuzalwa kwamadoda. Uphando luveze ukuba i-67% yamadoda kunye ne-57% yabasetyhini yayixhalabile malunga neziphumo ebezesondo ezinokubakho kulawulo lokuzalwa kwendoda. Ukongeza, ngaphezulu kwe-53% yamadoda kunye neepesenti ezingama-45 zabasetyhini bathi banenkxalabo malunga neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zempilo yengqondo.

Ndingathanda uluvo ukuba abenzi ziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, utshilo umntu obhinqileyo oneminyaka engama-33 ubudala waseNew Mexico. Ulawulo lokuzalwa kwabasetyhini lwehomoni lubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezininzi, ngenxa yoko andikathembi kulawulo lwamadoda ngokuzalwa. Akukho mntu kufuneka anyanzelwe ukuba ahambe neziphumo ezibi zempilo ukuba kukho ezinye iindlela ezikhoyo.

Izibonelelo zolawulo lokuzalwa

Esona sibonelelo sibonwayo solawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda ngamadoda yayikukuthintela ukukhulelwa. Ngaphezulu kwama-31% yamadoda aphendulileyo anokuziva engaphaya kulawulo lwempilo yabo yokuzala, kwaye ama-34% ongezelelweyo athe bayakuyeka ukunxiba iikhondom.

Ngaphezulu kwama-56% abasetyhini abakholelwa kulawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda kuya kwenza ukuba kulunge kubo bobabini abesilisa nabasetyhini ukuba babe noxanduva lolawulo lokuzalwa, ngelixa abangaphantsi kwama-38% abantu bavumile.

Ndingavuya ukuba ndilawule ngokupheleleyo kubuchule bam bokuzala, kodwa ndingacaphuka xa kufuneka ndindwendwele ugqirha rhoqo ukufumana izithonga okanye imigqaliselo, utshilo indoda eneminyaka engama-34 ubudala ethatha inxaxheba evela eFlorida.

Amashumi amane anesithathu eepesenti abasetyhini bavumile ukuba ukubakho kukhetho lolawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda kuya kubavumela ukuba bazive benoxinzelelo oluncinci malunga nokuthintela ukukhulelwa okungafunekiyo, ngelixa ngaphezulu kwe-27% yamadoda aya kuziva engaphantsi koxinzelelo, nawo.

Uphando lwakutsha nje lufumene ukuba i-10% yamadoda anomdla wokuthintela ukukhulelwa kwamadoda asebenzise iindlela ezintsha zokuthintela ukukhulelwa, ukukhulelwa okungacetywanga kuya kuncitshiswa kube yi-5.2% e-United States.

Isiphelo

Ipilisi yolawulo lokuzalwa kwabasetyhini yatshintsha ubomi njengoko sibazi, kwaye iya kuhlala ibonwa ukuba iindlela zokulawula ukuzalwa kwamadoda ezintsha ziya kuba nefuthe elifanayo lomhlaba. Ngaphezulu kwe-70% yabathathi-nxaxheba abaphendulayo ukuba amaqabane esini kufuneka abe noxanduva ngokulinganayo kulawulo lokuzalwa, iindlela ezintathu ezintsha zamadoda zinokutshintsha amandla phakathi kwamaqabane ezesondo.

Amashumi amane eepesenti yamadoda aphendule ukuba angakulungela ukuzama ipilisi yolawulo lokuzalwa yemihla ngemihla. Kwinqanaba elikhulu, oko kunokuyichaza ngokupheleleyo indlela esijonga ngayo ngoku ukuzalwa. Ayisiyiyo kuphela into enokuthintela ukukhulelwa kwendoda emadodeni eyonyusa inqanaba lokumisela abantu abanalo ngaphezulu kokuzaliswa kwabo kodwa ikwanakho ukubuyisela uxanduva nenkululeko phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini xa kufikwa kwimpilo yezesondo.

Indlela yokusebenza
Ukuqhuba isifundo sethu, saqesha abantu abasebenza ngokwesondo abangama-998, ngokuthe ngqo abantu abaneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya kwi-37 abahlala e-US ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuvavanyo. Ubudala obumiselweyo yayiyi-30.3. Ukuphambuka komgangatho wobudala yayiyiminyaka eyi-4.8. Abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-495 yayingamadoda, kwaye abangama-493 yayingabafazi. Abayi-773 babenobudlelwane, kwaye abangama-215 babengatshatanga. Uphando lwenziwe kusetyenziswa iMechanical Turk yaseAmazon.

Imida
Kuba uvavanyo lwethu luxhomekeke kuphela kwiimemori kunye namava abathathi-nxaxheba, olunye ulwazi abaluchazileyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba aluzange luphelele, lubaxiwe, okanye lwaphantsi.

Olu phononongo lujolise ikakhulu kwiimeko zokucinga, ngoko ke iimpendulo zinokuba zahlukile ukuba ezi ndlela zokulawula ukuzalwa kwamadoda zazifumaneka ukuze zisetyenziswe eMelika.

Olu phononongo kananjalo alunakubandakanya lonke ukhetho lolawulo lokuzalwa kwamadoda okwangoku kuphandwayo kwaye kuphuhliswa.

Iziphumo ezifumanekayo kolu phononongo azange zilinganiswe okanye kuvavanywe ngokweenkcukacha-manani.