Umkhuhlane udubule i-101: Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nokugonywa
Imfundo yezeMpiloUmkhuhlane udubule isitofu sokugonya sempumlo | Ngubani oyifunayo | Ufumana nini umkhuhlane | Apho unokufumana khona umkhuhlane | Iindleko | Ukhuseleko lwesitofu | Ukusebenza
Ubusika buyeza, ngokunjalo ke nexesha lomkhuhlane owoyikekayo. Ngethamsanqa, kukho isitofu sokugonya salo-esinokukunceda wena, usapho lwakho, kunye nabantu abasesichengeni okanye abasemngciphekweni omkhulu ekuhlaleni bayiphephe intsholongwane yomkhuhlane kunye neengxaki ezinokubakho. Kwaye kulo nyaka kubaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili.
Mhlawumbi ufumana umkhuhlane wakho unyaka nonyaka. Okanye mhlawumbi lixesha lakho lokuqala ukuqwalasela enye kwaye uyazibuza ukuba ikhuselekile, iyasebenza, kwaye iyimfuneko. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba uthini umkhuhlane kunye nemilinganiselo yokutsiba iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane lonyaka. Sibize iingcali ukuba ziphendule imibuzo yesibhozo yomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo.
1. Uhlaselwa yintoni umkhuhlane?
Isitofu sokugonya umkhuhlane kukugonywa kube kanye ngonyaka okunika ukhuselo kulo naluphi na uhlobo lomkhuhlane olucingelwa ziingcali ukuba luya kujikeleza kunyaka othile.
Umkhuhlane [isitofu sokugonya] kokona kuzikhusela kwethu kwintsholongwane yomkhuhlane, utsho UIan Nelligan, MD , ugqirha oyintloko kwiSibhedlele saseStanford naseKliniki ePalo Alto, eCalifornia. Ngaphandle kococeko lwezandla kunye nononophelo lokunxibelelana, yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuzikhusela kusulelo.
Ukuba u yenza bamba intsholongwane, Iimpawu zomkhuhlane zibandakanya umkhuhlane, ukugodola, iintlungu zomzimba, ukukhohlela, kunye nomqala obuhlungu (ukubala nje ezimbalwa). Iingxaki ezinzima zinokuvela kwi-bronchitis kunye ne-pneumonia ukuya kwi-encephalitis (ukudumba kwengqondo), i-sepsis (impendulo esongela ubomi kusulelo), kunye nokusilela kwamalungu amaninzi.
Le micimbi yile yokuba kubalulekile ukufumana inaliti ... okanye ukutshiza ngeempumlo. Isitofu sokugonya siyafumaneka kuzo zombini iifom.
Ukudubula
Umkhuhlane wokudubula ulawulwa ngokwenziwa ngenaliti kwimisipha ye-deltoid yegxalaba. Ngaphandle kokuqonda gwenxa okuqhelekileyo, ifoto ayinayo intsholongwane yomkhuhlane, uyachaza I-Shital Patel, MD , ingcali yesifo esosulelayo kunye nomphenyi kwiziko lophando lokugonya e-Baylor College of Medicine eHouston, eTexas. Endaweni yokuba iqulethe iiproteni zentsholongwane ezithi zishukumise impendulo yomzimba emzimbeni.
Ngenxa yokuba iintlobo zentsholongwane yomkhuhlane zitshintsha kancinci nyaka ngamnye, umkhuhlane utshintsha unyaka nonyaka, uyachaza uGqirha Patel. Utsho I-World Health Organization (WHO), i Ukutya kunye noLawulo lweziyobisi (FDA), kunye namanye amaqela ophando ahlala ejonga zonke iintlobo ezijikelezayo zentsholongwane yomkhuhlane ukuqinisekisa ukuba bakhulisa umdlalo osondeleyo kulo naliphi na ixesha lomkhuhlane.
Ezinye izitofu zokugonya umkhuhlane, utshilo, zinomdla, oko kuthetha ukuba zibonelela ngokhuseleko kwiintlobo ezintathu zomkhuhlane. Ezinye zi-quadrivalent, okuthetha ukuba zibonelela ngokhuseleko kwiintsholongwane zomkhuhlane ezine. Nokuba ufumana i-quadrivalent okanye isitofu sokugonya esine-trivalent ubukhulu becala sixhomekeke kwindawo okhetha ukuyifumana iyeza lokugonya umkhuhlane, utshilo uGqirha Patel. Ngamanye amagama, ezinye iikliniki kunye nee-pharmacy zinezitofu zokugonya ezithathu; ezinye zithwala i-quadrivalent.
UGqr. Patel ukhuthaza abantu ukuba bafumane iklinikhi okanye ikhemesti enika amayeza okuthintela umkhuhlane xa kulungele ukwenza njalo, kuba inika elona khondo lifanelekileyo lokuzikhusela.
Kubantu abangama-65 +, uGqirha Patel ucebisa a iyeza eliphezulu lokugonya umkhuhlane . Nangona ilandelelana, iyeza lokuthintela idosi ephezulu liqulathe izihlandlo ezine iiprotein zentsholongwane ezikwiqondo lomthamo womthamo osemgangathweni, zinika ukhuseleko olukhulu kubantu abadala (abathi, ngokusekwe kubudala bodwa, bajongane nomngcipheko ophezulu weengxaki ezinzima kumkhuhlane). Umkhuhlane wokudubula ungabaluleke ngakumbi kwabo bahlala kumakhaya abantu abalupheleyo apho intsholongwane inokuthi isasaze ngokukhawuleza.
Okwangoku isitofu sedosi ephezulu yile kuphela ilayisenisi yokusetyenziswa kubantu abadala abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu. Wonke umntu kufuneka abambelele kwisitofu sokugonya esiqhelekileyo somkhuhlane, utshilo uGqirha Patel.
Olunye uhlobo oludumileyo lwegama lophawu lomdaka lubandakanya Flublok , Ifluarix ,kwaye I-FLUAD .
Ukutshiza ngeempumlo
UKUYA Inguqu yokutshiza ngeempumlo ikwafumaneka kwabo bakulungeleyo ukuyifumana. Ngenxa yokuba yintsholongwane ephilayo ethanjisiweyo- aka ebuthathaka inguqu yentsholongwane yomkhuhlane- abantu abaneemeko ezithile zonyango kunye nenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela (njengabafazi abakhulelweyo, abantu abadala, abantu abanyangwa ngumhlaza, okanye abo bahlala nokufakelwa amalungu omzimba) akufuneki fumana iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane wempumlo.
Ngaphandle koko, abantu abasempilweni abaphakathi kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwengama-49 banelungelo lokufumana iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane ngeempumlo logama nje ukhathalelo lwempilo lwabo luvuma.
Ngokungafaniyo nesifo somkhuhlane, isitofu sokugonya ngeempumlo sine-quadrivalent ngokungagqibekanga.
2. Ndidinga umkhuhlane?
Ugqirha Nelligan, obona abaguli bayo yonke iminyaka kwiklinikhi yakhe, uthi kubalulekile ukuba wonke umntu ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezi-6 ubudala ukugonywa. Iintsana ezingaphantsi kweenyanga ezi-6 azinakugonywa kuba amajoni omzimba abuthathaka kakhulu ukuba angaphendula kwiyeza lokugonya.
Nakubantu abadala abasempilweni, umkhuhlane unokubangela ukugula kakhulu, utshilo. Ke, ewe, nokuba awuzange ube nawo umkhuhlane kwaye usempilweni entle, kusafuneka uyenze eyona nto iphambili ukufumana ugonyo lwakho lomkhuhlane.
Ukudubula komkhuhlane kubaluleke kakhulu kubafazi abakhulelweyo kuba umkhuhlane unokuba yingozi kubo bobabini umama kwaye usana, uyavuma uGqirha Patel noGqirha Nelligan. Umkhuhlane udubule, kwelinye icala, ukhuselekile ngokugqibeleleyo. Ngapha koko, umkhuhlane owufumene ngexesha lokukhulelwa uyaqhubeka nokukhusela umntwana emva kokuzalwa.
Ngaphandle kweentsana ezingaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu, ekuphela kwabantu ekungafanelekanga ukuba babethwe ngumkhuhlane ngabo banengxaki yokuphathwa gwenxa kuyo ngaphambili, utshilo uGqirha Patel. Nangona kunjalo, ukwabonisa ukuba iimpendulo ezinjalo zinqabile kakhulu. Umngcipheko wokuba neengxaki ezinxulumene nomkhuhlane umkhulu kakhulu. Ngexesha le-2019-2020 yomkhuhlane, umzekelo, umkhuhlane wawunoxanduva lokufikelela kwizigidi ezingama-56 zokugula kunye nezibhedlele ezingama-740,000 ngokweZiko loLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo (CDC).
3. Ndiwufumana nini umkhuhlane?
Umkhuhlane awuphakami kude kube phakathi kobusika, kodwa, ukuze ufumane inzuzo epheleleyo yomkhuhlane, kufuneka ufumane ugonyo lwakho ngaphambi kokuba intsholongwane yomkhuhlane ixhaphake, utshilo uGqirha Patel. Ixesha lixhomekeke kwindawo ohlala kuyo kwaye inokwahluka unyaka nonyaka, kodwa ukuvumelana kukhawuleza kungekudala.
Ngokubanzi, ixesha lomkhuhlane liqala ekwindla kwaye liqhubeka ukuya ekuqaleni-ukuya phakathi kwentwasahlobo (jonga Iphepha lokuhlaziywa komkhuhlane weCDC kwiphepha lokuhlaziya ngolwazi malunga nomsebenzi womkhuhlane kwindawo yakho). Abantwana abancinci abaphakathi kweenyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwe-8 ubudala abafumana umkhuhlane okokuqala kufuneka babe nemithamo emibini, inyanga enye ngaphandle, utshilo uGqirha Patel.
Iivenkile ezininzi ziqala ukubonelela ngomkhuhlane kwangoko ngo-Agasti. Iiklinikhi zonyango zihlala zifumana isitokhwe sazo mva, zihlala zikhona ukuphela kukaSeptemba. UGqirha Nelligan ukhuthaza izigulana ukuba zifumane isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane kwangoko nje ukuba sifumaneke. Ngokukhethekileyo, kuya kufuneka ukuba ufumane isitofu sokugonya ukuphela kuka-Okthobha ukuze ube ukhuselwe ngaphambi kokuba umkhuhlane uqale ukuhanjiswa kwindawo yakho, utshilo.
Kodwa, ukuba awenzi ukuphela komhla wokugqibela ka-Okthobha, sukuyivumela ukuba ikuthintele ekufumaneni konke . Ukuba umntu akafumani iyeza lakhe lokugonya ukuphela kuka-Okthobha, kuseluncedo ukugonywa ngalo lonke ixesha lomkhuhlane, utshilo uGqirha Patel.
Esinye isizathu sokuba umkhuhlane wakho udubule i-ASAP? Ukuzikhusela kwimeko engalindelekanga yokunqongophala kwesitofu sokugonya. Imiba yokuvelisa kunye nokuthumela izinto ikhokelele kunqongophele kwesitofu sokugonya ngo-2004 , ekhokelela i-CDC kunye neminye imibutho ukubeka phambili ukugonywa komkhuhlane kumaqela asemngciphekweni omkhulu kubemi ngokubanzi. Kwaye ngelixa olu hlobo lwengxaki lungalindelwanga ngeli xesha lomkhuhlane, kuhlala kungcono ukuba uzilungiselele.
Esona sizathu sokuba ufune ukulibazisa ukudubula kukuba unefiva. Ukudubula kunokudida amajoni akho omzimba, okukhokelela kwimpendulo encinci kumgonyo. Kodwa kamsinya nje emva kokuba umkhuhlane uhambile, kuya kufuneka ulungele ukusongela imikhono yakho kwaye ufumane umpu wakho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ufumana ukugonywa komkhuhlane, qaphela ukuba kuthatha iiveki ezimbini ezipheleleyo ukuba izibonelelo zayo zokukhusela zikhawuleze, bobabini uDkt. UPatel noNelligan bayavuma.
4. Ndingayaphi ndiye kubethwa ngumkhuhlane?
Ugonyo lomkhuhlane luyafumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi. Uninzi lwabantu luyagonywa kwiofisi kagqirha okanye kwikhemesti. Abanye abaqeshi banikezela ngeeklinikhi zokudubula umkhuhlane eofisini, njengoko kunjalo nakwizinto ezithile zikarhulumente kunye namaziko ezempilo ekhampasi. Kukho ne Isifunxi sokugonya Imephu eya kukusa kwiindawo ezinikezela ngogonyo (kunye nezinye izitofu) kwindawo yakho.
Ngelixa akunamsebenzi ukuba uyaphi, kunokuba kuhle ukuba undwendwele umboneleli wakho wokhathalelo lwempilo. Lowo ngoyena mntu uyazi kakuhle imeko yezempilo kunye nembali, kwaye ukuba isigulana sinayo nayiphi na imibuzo okanye inkxalabo, lowo ngoyena mntu unokuyiphendula eyona mibuzo ilungileyo, utshilo uGqirha Nelligan. Kodwa ukuba iba ngumcimbi wokulungela okanye uza kuwufumana kwaphela, ndicinga ukuba ukuwufumana kweyona ndawo ifanelekileyo kulungile.
Ezinxulumene: Yintoni omele uyazi malunga nokugonywa kwikhemesti
5. Uhlaselwa ngumkhuhlane malini?
Ngokwendleko, i-inshurensi (kubandakanya Unyango , Medicaid, iinkampani zeinshurensi zabucala, kunye nezicwangciso zentengiso yezempilo) kufuneka zigubungele umkhuhlane wakho. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kufuneka ufumane ukugonyelwa kwakho umkhuhlane kwindawo ethile-ke qiniseka ukuba ujonge ngaphambi kokungena.
Ngapha koko, imibutho emininzi iyanikezela iflu-free iiklinikhi kulo lonke ixesha labo bangenayo i-inshurensi okanye ukufikeleleka. Ukuba wenza umoya ofuna ukuhlawula epokothweni ngenxa yomkhuhlane wakho, yazi ukuba amaxabiso ayahluka ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni uyifumana phi.
| Igama lebrand | Fumana isigqebhezana |
| Afluria | Fumana isigqebhezana |
| Ulwelo | Fumana isigqebhezana |
| Ifluarix | Fumana isigqebhezana |
| Flublok | Fumana isigqebhezana |
| Flucelvax | Fumana isigqebhezana |
| FluLaval | Fumana isigqebhezana |
| FluMist | Fumana ikhadi le-Rx |
| IFluzone | Fumana isigqebhezana |
Ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba yeyiphi na imikhuhlane oyifunayo, ungathatha eyethu ikhadi lesaphulelo Uninzi lweekhemesti ezinkulu kunye nekhemesti yakho ziya kukufumanela olona londolozo.
6. Ngaba umkhuhlane udubuleke ngokukhuselekileyo?
Ukugonya komkhuhlane kukhuselekile phantse kuwo wonke umntu.
Izitofu zokugonya umkhuhlane bezikho amashumi eminyaka kwaye ukhuseleko luyaqhubeka ukubekwa esweni ngalo lonke ixesha lonyaka, utshilo uGqirha Patel. Sinezigidi zamanqaku edatha [athi] kukhuselekile. Wongeza ukuba kwixesha lomkhuhlane we-2018-2019 unyaka we-169 wezigidi zeedosi zokugonya umkhuhlane zahanjiswa kungekho mqondiso wazo naziphi na iimpembelelo ezinkulu okanye imiba.
Ngapha koko, Awunakho ukufumana umkhuhlane kumkhuhlane , uthi. Abanye abantu banokuba neempawu ezinje ngomkhuhlane ukuya kumodareyithi, ezinjengentlungu ebuhlungu kunye nokukhathazeka kwindawo yenaliti, ukudinwa, intloko ebuhlungu, iintlungu zemisipha, kunye / okanye umkhuhlane ophantsi-kodwa oku hayi umkhuhlane kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga akunakukuthintela ukuba uhambe ngendlela yesiqhelo yemihla ngemihla. Umzimba wakho unyusa nje impendulo kumzimba wokugonya, uyacacisa. Amajoni akho omzimba ayakhuthazwa ukuba azikhusele, utshilo.
Enye inkxalabo eqhelekileyo malunga nomkhuhlane? Ukutya kweqanda. Uninzi lwezitofu zokugonya umkhuhlane zilinywa kwiprotein yeqanda, oko kuthetha ukuba kukho ukubakho kokulandelwa kweeprotein zeqanda kwisitofu sokugonya uqobo. Ngethamsanqa, ukudubula komkhuhlane kukhuselekile kubantu abangadibani namaqanda, utshilo uGqirha Patel.
Into esiyifumeneyo kukuba (uninzi) lwabantu abane-allergies yeqanda banokufumana naziphi na iilayisensi, ezifanelekileyo zokugonya umkhuhlane ezifanelekileyo ngoku, utshilo.
Ngaphandle iya kuba ngabantu abane-allergies eqanda kakhulu, umzekelo, uhlobo lokungabikho komzimba olukhokelela kwi-anaphylaxis. Kweli qela, ucebisa ukuba ubuze iyeza lokuzikhusela kumkhuhlane , engaveliswanga ngamaqanda enkukhu.
Ezinye izinto ezaliwa ngumkhuhlane zinqabile, utshilo. Nabani na onenkxalabo, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka afumane iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane kwindawo yezonyango.
7. Usebenza njani umkhuhlane?
Ke konke okuthethileyo, kuya kufumana umkhuhlane isiqinisekiso ukuba awuzukufumana umkhuhlane? Hayi, ukusebenza kokugonya akunakusilela. Kodwa ukuba uyagula, amathuba okugula kakhulu okanye iingxaki ezinxulumene nomkhuhlane ancitshiswe kakhulu, utshilo uGqirha Patel. Ngokutsho kwe-CDC , isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane sinciphisa umngcipheko wokugula ngumkhuhlane ngokuthi 40% ukuya kuma-60% .
Ngamanye amaxesha abantu bacinga ukuba isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane siza kubakhusela abantu nge-100%, kodwa… indlela esebenza ngayo iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane lixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kwaye loo nto iyatshintsha unyaka nonyaka, utshilo. Kodwa xa sijonga abantu ebesesibhedlele, abo baneengxaki zomkhuhlane ngabo bangekagonywanga.
Xa kuziwa kumkhuhlane, amanani ayazithetha. Ngalo lonke ixesha lomkhuhlane we-2017-2018, uthathelwa ingqalelo njengelona xesha liphezulu, malunga nabantu abadala abangama-80,000 kunye nabangama-81 (ubukhulu becala abangagonywanga) abantwana babhubha ngenxa yeengxaki ezinxulumene nomkhuhlane. Phantse kuma-900,000 ngaphezulu bangeniswa esibhedlele, ngokweSiseko seSizwe seZifo eziSulelayo , kwaye njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, umkhuhlane unoxanduva lwezigidi zezifo minyaka le eUnited States.
La ngamanani amakhulu, kwaye ukuba sinako ukuwuthintela [umkhuhlane], kunciphisa iintsuku zomsebenzi, iintsuku zokugula, iingxaki, kwaye kunciphisa umthwalo obalulekileyo kumntu nakusapho, utshilo uGqirha Patel. Sisifo esinokuthintelwa, kwaye sinazo [iindlela] zokuthintela iingxaki ezinzulu ebantwaneni nakwabo sele bekhulile abanobunzima kakhulu kubo.
Ezinxulumene: Ngaba umkhuhlane udubula i-COVID-19?
8. Uhlala ixesha elingakanani umkhuhlane?
Ukhuseleko olukhutshwa ngumkhuhlane luyancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha, okuyinxalenye yesizathu sokuba ufuna umkhuhlane odubulekileyo unyaka nonyaka. (Elinye icandelo lelokuba iintsholongwane ezisebenzayo ziyatshintsha minyaka le.) Ngelixa kungekho xesha lide ngqo lomkhuhlane uqhubeka, iingcali zithi ziyakukhusela malunga neenyanga ezintandathu.
